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Un Register Of Conventional Arms Failure?

Arms Merchandise Treaty
New York, 2 April 2013

  • Introductory Note
  • Procedural History
  • Documents
  • Status
  • Video

By Peter Woolcott
Permanent Representative of Commonwealth of australia to the Un in Geneva
and Administrator for Disarmament



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1. Historical Context

28 November 2011 - Framed Non-Violence Sculpture at UN Headquarters The The Arms Trade Treaty is the first legally-binding musical instrument ever negotiated in the Un to found common standards for the international transfer of conventional weapons. The development of common international standards for the trade of conventional artillery has been a long fourth dimension in the making, with origins in the League of Nations draft convention on the arms trade which was never adopted.1 Still, while international police during the Cold War adult prohibitions on the transfer of chemic, biological and nuclear weapons, no such progress was to be found with respect to conventional arms.

Later the Common cold War, the devastating impact of widespread armed violence, particularly in situations of poverty and extreme inequality, came to the fore of the international community'south attention. In the early to mid-1990s, to help counter the proliferation of conventional arms, several sets of guidelines or principles on artillery transfers emerged amongst groups of countries, which included some of the largest arms exporters. The Permanent 5 (P5) members of the United Nations Security Council and Frg were the top six leading suppliers of major conventional weapons during 1993-1997.2

The risk of human rights violations in a recipient country was one of the reasons for many supplier countries to follow a restrictive arms transfer policy.3 Recognising that artillery proliferation was a global problem, the United States called on the P5 countries to meet at senior levels to talk over the establishment of guidelines for transfers of conventional arms. Despite the P5's commitment in 1991 to elaborate a set of "Guidelines for Conventional Arms Transfers" which included a ready of arms transfer criteria, serious disagreements meant that the P5 process concluded by 1992.

Meanwhile, in 1991, the United Nations Register of Conventional Artillery was established as the cardinal international mechanism to promote predictability and transparency in the conventional arms merchandise. An International Code of Conduct on Arms Transfers developed by a group of Nobel Peace Prize laureates, led by Dr. Oscar Arias, the former President of Costa Rica, was launched in 1997. With Western Europe as the 2nd largest arms exporting region,iv by 1998, the Eu became the get-go grouping of States to accept a regional Code of Behave on Arms Exports.

Illicit trafficking was especially an outcome in Africa, Latin America, the Pacific and S-E Asia. In 1999, a written report carried out by the International Committee of the Reddish Cross (ICRC) demonstrated that the unregulated availability of weapons was a major contributing factor to civilian suffering during and after armed conflicts and increased noncombatant casualties.5 Every bit long every bit weapons were also easily bachelor, violations of international humanitarian police and human rights law would more likely occur and the provision of humanitarian and evolution help would be hampered. A 2003 report by the Small Arms Survey attributed death, injury, violations of human rights, international humanitarian law, forced displacement and economic plummet, in Fiji, the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea, to the ready availability of conventional weapons.half dozen

Progress in the United Nations was commencement realised in the area of small arms and light weapons, which were seen as the preferred weapon in modern-day internal armed conflicts and armed violence. A consensus decision to address small artillery and light weapons was accomplished at the Un Conference on the Illicit Traffic in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, which took place from 9 to 20 July 2001. The 2001 Briefing resulted in the non-binding United Nations Programme of Activity to Prevent, Gainsay, and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Minor Arms and Light Weapons, in All Its Aspects.

By 2006, international attention shifted back to concerns over conventional weapons every bit a whole. The fact that the international trade in bananas was more tightly regulated under international police force than conventional arms was first to resonate strongly with many States.

Following a civil club campaign supported by the grouping of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates, seven Governments (Argentina, Australia, Republic of costa rica, Finland, Japan, Kenya and the Britain of Great United kingdom and Northern Ireland – known as the "co-authors") sponsored the offset United nations Full general Assembly resolution on an artillery trade treaty in 2006.7 The resolution recognised that the absence of mutual international standards on the import, export and transfer of conventional arms was a contributory factor to conflict, the displacement of people, law-breaking and terrorism equally well equally undermining peace, reconciliation, condom, security, stability and sustainable development.

The road from 2006 to the adoption of the Arms Merchandise Treaty (ATT) on 2 Apr 2013 was not straightforward. States approached the negotiations from a wide range of perspectives. Exporting States saw the ATT equally a framework to permit their defence industries to participate more transparently in the legitimate international artillery trade and level the playing field with an agreed gear up of standards. Along with transit and trans-shipment States, they wanted to ensure that any new regulatory burdens were not excessive. Importing States wanted an ATT that brought greater clarity to their ability to cull a defense force mix in pursuit of their legitimate right to cocky-defence.

18 March 2013  Opening of Final Conference on Arms Trade Treaty  Peter Woolcott (centre), President of the Final UN Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, addresses the opening of the Conference, which is taking place in New York through 28 March 2013. The Treaty would establish high common standards for international trade in conventional arms. On the President's right is Angela Kane, UN High Representative for Disarmament Affairs.  There were also States affected by armed violence and instability which were exacerbated as a result of illicit arms transfers. These States saw applied benefit to their national security and the security of their communities through a stiff and well implemented ATT. At that place were other States which had long supported the achievement of stiff universal humanitarian outcomes from the ATT. Regional organisations were likewise key stakeholders given existing instruments related to transfer controls and artillery transfers at regional levels.

Political will to reach a consensus on the Arms Merchandise Treaty was never a foregone conclusion. The United Nations had not seen success in negotiating a multilateral artillery control understanding since the 1990s.8 The adoption of the ATT by an overwhelming majority of States in the Full general Assembly was, therefore, a historic achievement for the United Nations and multilateralism.

ii. The Negotiating History

The ATT negotiating process started with the Full general Assembly's request for the Secretary-General to seek views from Member States on the feasibility, scope and draft parameters of an arms trade treaty. This yielded replies from around 100 States in 2007, signalling the interest and importance of this outset pace towards a treaty.

02 April 2013  General Assembly Approves Global Arms Trade Treaty - A view of the voting panels as the United Nations General Assembly votes to approve a global arms trade treaty. The treaty, which regulates the international trade in conventional arms, received 154 votes in favour. Three Member States – Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), Iran and Syria – voted against the decision, while 23 countries abstained. Applauding the treaty's adoption is Stuart Beck (shown on screens, and at left on podium), Permanent Representative of Palau to the UN and Vice-President of the General Assembly. On his left, on the podium, is Jean-Jacques Graisse, Acting Head of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management.  A Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) was also established to examine the feasibility, scope and draft parameters of a legally bounden instrument. The GGE met for iii sessions in 2008 nether the chairmanship of Ambassador Roberto García Moritán of Argentine republic. Based on the recommendation of the GGE, the United Nations Full general Associates decided to constitute an Open up-Concluded Working Grouping (OEWG) to farther consider the matter. The OEWG met twice in 2009, again with Ambassador Moritán every bit Chair, producing a procedural report with no recommendations.

The Full general Assembly, in its resolution 64/48 of 2 December 2009, decided to convene a United nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty to meet for four consecutive weeks in 2012 to elaborate a legally bounden musical instrument on the highest possible common international standards for the transfer of conventional arms.9 In particular, information technology was decided that the Diplomatic Briefing would be undertaken in an open up and transparent manner, on the ground of consensus, to accomplish a strong and robust treaty.10 Three noun Preparatory Committee sessions were held in 2010 and 2011.11 A final fourth session, held from 13 to 17 February 2012, focussed largely on procedural matters.

The Diplomatic Briefing was held in New York from ii to 27 July 2012 under the Presidency of Ambassador Moritán. The Conference, notwithstanding, was delayed by most ii days due to questions concerning the status and participatory rights of state of the vatican city and Palestine. A compromise was reached which allowed the Conference to open on three July. On 9 July, a provisional programme of work was canonical which established two main committees, working in parallel until xx July, to comport negotiations on the elements of the ATT. On 26 July 2012, the President's comprehensive draft treaty text12 was presented but did non find consensus. Divergent views over key areas of the text remained until the concluding hours of the Conference. In the end, some delegations argued for more than time to examine the typhoon text.

In its resolution 67/234A of 24 December 2012, the Un General Assembly decided to convene the Last United nations Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty from 18 to 28 March 2013, with the 26 July 2012 typhoon treaty text beingness the basis for future work. The Full general Assembly too decided that the Final Conference would be governed by the July 2012 Conference's rules of process, in an open up and transparent manner, utilising the modalities of the July 2012 Conference, practical mutatis mutandis. Ambassador Peter Woolcott of Australia was nominated President-designate of the Final Briefing.

Delegates and civil society were well prepared leading into the 2013 Final Conference. The 26 July 2012 text was known intimately and its touch on on particular national interests was well understood. With simply nine working days allocated for the Final Conference, it was disquisitional for the Conference to go to piece of work without delay.

When the Final Briefing opened on 18 March, the issue of the status of the Holy See and Palestinian delegations had been quietly settled. A novel organization had been agreed by which the Holy See and the State of Palestine would be seated alphabetically among United Nations Fellow member States with speaking rights during the Conference, merely short of an "all States" arrangement. Both the holy see and the State of Palestine noted that this compromise was reached because they did non want to cake negotiations towards a stiff and constructive ATT, but said this organisation would not be a precedent for future United Nations meetings. This result demonstrated that New York delegations recognised that the negotiations needed to get to piece of work quickly. This was a central factor in helping preserve the confidence of delegations in the negotiations – a reminder of the value in multilateral negotiations of having settled procedure.

Subsequently the build-up and disappointment of the July 2012 Conference, there was considerable political will to collectively reach an outcome at the Final Conference. During the Final Conference, delegates were provided with 3 draft texts of the President which were progressively stronger than the final, with the goal of broadening the supportive constituency and bringing all delegations along. Facilitators were also appointed by the President to conduct breezy discussions on central aspects of the text, which was a useful process in confirming where a likely consensus would be.13 Some of these discussions led to a significant reshaping of elements of the 26 July 2012 text besides as adding important new elements. Even so, some discussions indicated that there could be little further development of a particular issue.

Equally a upshot, the treaty text was balanced and as stiff equally it could be while still holding together the disparate interests demonstrated at the Conference. No delegation left the Final Conference getting everything they wanted, only no i walked away empty-handed. While there was initially a considerable divergence of views, delegations ultimately demonstrated a preparedness to take ownership of the process and compromise in order to achieve an constructive and balanced treaty. Delegations understood that balance was vital to ensuring the legitimacy of the last treaty text.

Throughout the negotiating process, a consensus outcome remained the goal. While this was not ultimately achieved, the Concluding Briefing showed what was possible when delegations engaged in a consensus-governed process and were determined to strive for a negotiated consensus outcome. On the last evening of 28 March 2013, the President ruled that due to the objections of the delegations of Iran (Islamic Republic of), Autonomous People's Democracy of Korea and the Syrian Arab Republic, at that place was not a consensus in the Last Conference for the adoption of the draft treaty text.

Although the Conference did not prefer the treaty, the negotiating process produced a robust text with almost universal acceptance. It was the willingness of States to stay the class with the United Nations system that helped guarantee the broadest possible constituency of States for the ATT, calculation to its legitimacy and potential for constructive activity into the future.

Full general Assembly resolution 67/234A, which had convened the Concluding Conference, had a built-in redundancy, an off-ramp. The President was required by the resolution to report to the General Assembly on the consequence every bit soon as possible later on the Final Conference ended. This allowed delegations legitimately to take the text to the General Assembly for adoption. This proved to be the measure out of last resort. On 2 April 2013, Ambassador Woolcott'due south final text of the ATT was adopted by Full general Assembly resolution 67/234B.14

3. The Treaty's Key Provisions

18 March 2013 - Opening of Final Conference on Arms Trade Treaty, United Nations, New York  A view of the conference hall as Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (third from left on dais) addresses the opening of the Final UN Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), taking place in New York through 28 March 2013. He said that The ATT will evidence its impact and effectiveness in how it requires States to display responsibility and transparency in arms transfers with greater respect for international law. Under article 5 on the full general implementation of the Treaty, States parties are encouraged to apply the provisions of the Treaty to the broadest range of conventional arms.

The minimum scope of artillery covered by the Treaty begins with commodity two, paragraph i, which sets out the categories of conventional arms to which the Treaty shall utilize, existence the seven categories covered past the United Nations Register of Conventional Armsfifteen and an eighth category on pocket-sized arms and light weapons.

Article 3 of the Treaty requires States parties to regulate the consign of ammunition/munitions fired, launched or delivered by the conventional arms covered nether article 2, paragraph one, and to utilise manufactures six and 7 prior to authorising their export. Similarly, article 4 requires States parties to regulate the consign of parts and components where the export is in a form that provides the adequacy to assemble conventional arms covered nether article 2, paragraph ane, and to apply articles 6 and 7 prior to authorising their export.

Commodity six addresses explicitly prohibitions against arms transfers that would be opposite to international legal obligations, or where the State knows the arms would be used in the commission of genocide, crimes confronting humanity and certain war crimes. This provision sets a clear benchmark to permit States parties to finer and consistently implement these prohibitions.

Yet, it was recognised that a potential export could all the same cause serious humanitarian consequences, fifty-fifty if it was not prohibited at the showtime under article vi. Therefore, article 7 of the Treaty sets the standard upon which a Country is obliged to refuse the export of arms based on a chance assessment. This export risk assessment requires a Country to undertake a circuitous balancing of a range of considerations that, when applied, volition ensure amend regulation of the weapons industry. This gamble assessment framework recognises that the touch on on civilians needs to exist an essential consideration of how the weapons manufacture conducts its business.

Under article vii, export regime will need to consider the potential that the arms or items:

- would contribute to, or undermine, peace and security; and
- could be used to
- commit or facilitate a serious violation of international humanitarian constabulary or international human rights law;
- commit or facilitate an act constituting an offence under international conventions or protocols relating to terrorism or transnational organised criminal offence, to which the exporting Country is a party,
- and taking into business relationship the chance of the artillery being used to commit serious acts of gender-based violence or violence against women and children.

Article seven, paragraph three, requires that if, after conducting this take chances assessment and considering bachelor mitigation measures, the exporting Country party determines that there is an overriding take chances of whatsoever of the negative consequences in article 7, paragraph one, the consign shall non be authorised. The concept of "overriding run a risk" was introduced in the 26 July 2012 text and remained in the final Treaty text.

What will also exist critical for the success of the ATT is the implementation of article 11 to prevent the diversion of transferred arms covered under article 2, paragraph ane. The prevention of diversion of conventional artillery is one of the stated objectives of the Treaty outlined in article 1. Efforts to mitigate the take a chance and consequences of diversion volition make the almost deviation to the security, stability and development of communities which are vulnerable to and seriously impacted past arms diverted for illicit use. Commodity 11 requires exporting States to assess the risk of transferred arms existence diverted and consider mitigation measures. Cooperation and information substitution between exporting, transit, trans-shipment, and importing States must be promoted in order to mitigate the risk of diversion. Measures to address a diversion of transferred arms when information technology is detected, including by alerting potentially afflicted States parties, also demand to be encouraged.

Under articles 12 and 13, States parties are required to maintain national records of exports of conventional arms and to submit reports on implementation of the ATT. The ATT's reporting requirements and regular dialogue amidst States parties during Conferences of States Parties are additional mechanisms to reach the ATT'due south stated purpose to promote cooperation, transparency and responsible action in the international trade in conventional arms, thereby building confidence among States parties.

Nether article 20, an amendment to the Treaty cannot be proposed until six years afterward its entry into strength. This will allow fourth dimension for the Treaty to be implemented by States parties, lessons learned to be considered and gaps in implementation to be identified. Thereafter, amendments can just be considered past a Briefing of States Parties every three years. Every attempt will be made to accomplish a consensus decision on each subpoena. Still, if all efforts at consensus have been wearied, and no agreement reached, the subpoena shall, as a last resort, exist adopted by a 3-quarters majority at the Conference. As the Treaty's implementation unfolds and States parties are increasingly confident in the system, there is potential for States parties to further develop and meliorate the Treaty over fourth dimension by way of amendment.

iv. The Influence of the Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty matters to a broad cross-section of countries. The successful conclusion of the negotiating procedure on 2 April 2013 was only the offset step. The humanitarian and security potential of this Treaty volition only be realised when countries at all points in the supply-chain, both major artillery producing States and developing countries alike, bring together and implement the Treaty.

The Treaty's affect will be measured by how information technology is implemented on the footing. The political volition of States to ensure the Treaty's robust implementation will need to be maintained. Many States will demand to allocate resources to strengthen their own national systems for decision-making imports and exports and to encounter reporting requirements set out in the ATT. For many States, they will non be able to practise this alone. For those States in a position to practise so, their willingness to support and assist other States which may require legislative, technical or financial assistance or institutional capacity-edifice in social club to implement the ATT will also exist crucial. In the future, States' progress in meeting ATT obligations volition demand to be monitored.

The ATT is already prompting States to have stock of their existing transfer controls – be they exporting, importing, or transit States – and to place weaknesses and gaps.sixteen When the Treaty enters into force and as the regular Briefing of States Parties take hold, it will underscore that the discussions and scrutiny of the arms trade have firmly establish a place on the multilateral agenda.

This Introductory Note was written in 2014.


Related Materials

A. Documents

Guidelines for Conventional Artillery Transfers, Alphabetic character dated 22 Nov 1991 from the leader of the delegation of the United Kingdom of Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and Northern Ireland addressed to the President of the Conference on Disarmament transmitting the official text of the Communiqué issued following the meeting held in London on 17 and eighteen October 1991 between representatives of the five States permanent members of the United Nations Security Council apropos arms transfers and not-proliferation (CD/1113, 26 November 1991), annex.

United Nations Register of Conventional Artillery, General Associates resolution 46/36L of nine December 1991, annex.

International Code of Bear on Arms Transfers, New York, May 1997.

European Union Code of Bear on Artillery Exports, Brussels, five June 1998.

Un Programme of Action to Foreclose, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Merchandise in Pocket-size Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, Report of the United Nations Conference on Illicit Trade in Pocket-sized Arms and Lite Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, ix-twenty July 2001 (A/CONF.192/fifteen), affiliate Four.

Full general Assembly resolution 61/89 of half-dozen December 2006 (Towards an arms trade treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, consign and transfer of conventional arms).

Report of the Group of Governmental Experts to examine the feasibility, scope and typhoon parameters for a comprehensive, legally binding instrument establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms, 26 August 2008 (A/63/334).

Report of the Open-ended Working Group towards an Arms Trade Treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, consign and transfer of conventional artillery, 20 July 2009 (A/AC.277/2009/one).

Full general Assembly resolution 64/48 of 2 Dec 2009 (The arms trade treaty).

Report of the Preparatory Committee for the Un Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty, vii March 2012 (A/CONF.217/1).

Typhoon treaty text submitted by the President of the Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty on 26 July 2012 (A/CONF.217/CRP.1).

Full general Assembly resolution 67/234A on 24 December 2012 (The artillery merchandise treaty).

Report of the Terminal United nations Conference on the Arms Merchandise Treaty, ii April 2013 (A/CONF.217/2013/two).

General Assembly resolution 67/234B on two Apr 2013 (The arms trade treaty).

B. Doctrine

International Commission of the Red Cross, Arms availability and the situation of civilians in armed conflict: a study presented by the ICRC, Geneva, June 1999.

Modest Arms Survey, P. Alpers and C. Twyford, Small Arms in the Pacific, Occasional Paper No. 8, Geneva, 2003.

Small Arms Survey, Due south. Parker, "Breaking New Ground? The Artillery Trade Treaty" in Small Arms Survey 2014: Women and Guns, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014.

Stockholm International Peace Research Found, SIPRI Yearbook 1998, Armaments, Disarmaments and International Security,Part II: Military Spending and Armaments, 1997, chapter eight: Transfers of major conventional weapons, Oxford Academy Press, Oxford, 1998.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 2007, Armaments, Disarmaments and International Security, Towards an arms merchandise treaty?, appendix 10C, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007.

U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Bureau, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (WMEAT), 1996.



At the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, held from 25 May to 30 June 1978, the Associates, in the Final Certificate (resolution S-10/2), stated that there should be negotiations on the limitations of international transfers of conventional weapons. In the following years, it requested the Secretary-General to carry out, with the assistance of groups of governmental experts, several studies relevant to the subject area of international transfers of conventional arms, including studies on all aspects of regional disarmament (A/35/416); the human relationship between disarmament and development (A/36/356); confidence-building measures (A/36/474); the relationship between disarmament and international security (A/36/597); conventional disarmament (A/39/348); reduction of armed forces budgets (A/forty/421); and economic and social consequences of the arms race and military expenditures (A/43/368). Pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 39/160 of 17 Dec 1984 and 40/155 of 16 December 1985, the Assembly also convened an International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, held in New York from 24 August to eleven September 1987.

On the footing of these developments, the Full general Assembly, on seven December 1988, adopted resolution 43/75 I, entitled "International arms transfers". Past this resolution, it requested Member States to consider, inter alia, the reinforcement of their national systems of control and vigilance concerning the production and transport of arms and to examine the means and ways of providing for more openness and transparency with regard to earth-wide arms transfers. Information technology likewise requested the Secretary-General to seek the views and proposals of Member States on these matters (A/44/444, and Add.i, two and 3, A/45/363 and Add.1, and A/45/413) and to behave out, with the assist of governmental experts, a study on ways and means of promoting transparency in international transfers of conventional arms, taking into consideration the views of Member States as well as other relevant information, including the problem of illicit arms merchandise (A/46/301).

At its forty-sixth session, the General Assembly expressed its appreciation for the study of the Secretary-General and acted upon a number of its recommendations. First, in resolution 46/36 H of 6 Dec 1991, entitled "International arms transfers", the Associates requested the Disarmament Commission to consider including the effect of international arms transfers in the agenda of its substantive session in 1993. The Disarmament Commission considered the issue at its substantive sessions in 1994 and 1995 (A/49/42 and A/50/42, respectively) and adopted, at its substantive session in 1996, the "Guidelines for international arms transfers in the context of General Assembly resolution 46/36 H of six December 1991" (A/51/42, annex I). The General Associates endorsed the Guidelines in resolution 51/47 B of 10 December 1996, entitled "Study of the Disarmament Commission". In a separate development, the permanent five Members of the Security Council agreed on "Guidelines for Conventional Arms Transfers" at a meeting on artillery transfer and non-proliferation in London in October 1991 (CD/1113). Second, the General Associates requested the Secretarial assistant-General, in resolution 46/36 50 of 9 Dec 1991, entitled "Transparency in armaments", to establish and maintain a universal and non-discriminatory Register of Conventional Arms, to include data on international arms transfers, as well as information provided by Member States on military machine holdings, procurement through national product and relevant policies (A/47/342; encounter likewise www.unroca.org).

Comprehensive regulation of the international transfer of conventional weapons and prevention of their illicit international merchandise was further developed when a grouping of Nobel peace laureates, led by quondam President of Costa rica Oscar Arias, launched the International Code of Bear on Arms Transfers in 1997. This text formed the basis of the draft Framework Convention on International Arms Transfers, published by a group of NGOs in 2000. Information technology besides spurred a number of national and regional initiatives, including the adoption of a Code of Acquit on Arms Exports past the European Spousal relationship in June 1998; the Moratorium on Importation, Exportation and Industry of Pocket-size Arms and Lite Weapons, agreed by the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS) in October of the same twelvemonth; the conclusion of the Inter-American Convention on Transparency in Conventional Weapons Acquisitions in June 1999; and the passing of the International Arms Sales Code of Conduct Human action in the United states of america in November 1999. This was followed past the United states-European union Declaration on Responsibility in Arms Exports, issued at a United states-European Matrimony peak on eighteen December 2000. In add-on, a group of States formerly belonging to the Western and Eastern blocs agreed in 1995 on the Wassenaar System on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies, which held its get-go plenary meeting in Vienna in December 1996. Moreover, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction was adopted in Ottawa, Canada, on 18 September 1997.

At its fifty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided, past resolution 54/54 V of 15 December 1999, to convene a United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Pocket-sized Arms and Lite Weapons in All Its Aspects. The Briefing, which was held from 9 to xx July 2001 in New York, adopted a Programme of Activity to Foreclose, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Merchandise in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects (A/CONF.192/fifteen). Through the Programme of Activeness, the States participating in the Briefing committed to undertake national, regional and global measures to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in pocket-sized arms and light weapons in all its aspects; suggested measures for implementation, international cooperation and assistance; and recommended steps to exist undertaken for an effective follow-upward to the Conference. At the showtime Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Activity to Forbid, Gainsay and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Artillery and Lite Weapons in All Its Aspects, convened pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 56/24 Five of 24 December 2001 and 59/86 of three Dec 2004 and held from 26 June to seven July 2006 in New York, various States, led by the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, chosen for the development of common guidelines for national controls on transfers of small arms and low-cal weapons (A/CONF.192/2006/RC/WP.1 and A/CONF.192/2006/RC/WP.ii; for the report of the briefing, see A/CONF.192/2006/RC/nine).

Alongside these developments, the Full general Assembly adopted, past resolution 55/255 of 31 May 2001, the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the Un Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Moreover, the General Assembly, past resolution 58/241 of 23 December 2003, determined that information technology was viable to develop an international musical instrument to enable States to identify and trace, in a timely and reliable manner, illicit small artillery and light weapons, and decided to establish an open-concluded working grouping to negotiate such an instrument. Following three substantive meetings held in 2004 and 2005, the open-ended working group reached consensus on a Draft International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Style, Illicit Minor Artillery and Calorie-free Weapons (A/60/88, Annex), which the General Assembly decided to prefer on eight December 2005 (Decision sixty/519, see A/threescore/49 (Vol. II)).

During its sixty-start session, on vi December 2006, the General Associates adopted resolution 61/89 on the report of the First Committee (A/61/394), in which it decided to  include a new agenda particular in the conditional agenda for the sixty-second session of the Full general Assembly, entitled "Towards an arms trade treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, consign and transfer of conventional arms". In accordance with resolution 61/89, the Secretary-Full general submitted a report on the views expressed by Member States on the feasibility, scope and parameters of a convention regulating conventional arms (A/62/278 (Parts I and II) and Add. ane, 2, iii, four) to the General Assembly during its sixty-second session. Also pursuant to the resolution, the Secretary-Full general established a Group of Governmental Experts to consider the issue. Between February and August 2008, the Group held iii meetings in New York and it submitted its written report to the General Assembly during its 60-tertiary session (A/63/334).

On 24 December 2008, during its sixty-third session, the Full general Assembly adopted resolution 63/240 on the report of the Showtime Committee (A/63/389). It endorsed the written report of the Secretary-General prepared with the assistance of the Group of Governmental Experts and decided to establish an open-ended working group to further consider those elements where consensus could be adult for their inclusion in an eventual arms trade treaty. The "Open-ended Working Group towards an Artillery Trade Treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms" held two substantive sessions in March and June 2009, where it considered the goals and objectives, scope, principles and typhoon parameters, and other aspects of a potential arms trade treaty. By resolution 64/48 of 2 December 2009, the Full general Assembly endorsed the study of the Open-concluded Working Group (A/AC.277/2009/1) and stressed the demand to accost the problems relating to the unregulated trade in conventional weapons and their diversion to the illicit market. Therefore, the Associates decided to convene a Un Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty in 2012, to elaborate a legally binding instrument on the highest possible common international standards for the transfer of conventional artillery. Information technology further decided to transform the Open up-ended Working Grouping into a Preparatory Committee for the Conference, and to permit intergovernmental organizations and specialized agencies with a standing invitation to participate as observers in the work of the General Assembly and to participate equally observers in the sessions of the Preparatory Committee. The Assembly too stressed the need to ensure the widest possible and effective participation in the Conference.

Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/48 of 2 December 2009 and decision 66/518 of 2 December 2011, the Preparatory Committee held four sessions between July 2010 and Feb 2012. At the 1st meeting of its first session, on 12 July 2010, the Preparatory Committee adopted a draft decision on the modalities of attendance of non-governmental organizations at its sessions (A/CONF.217/PC/L.2). It held informal exchange of views with representatives of non-governmental organizations during all its sessions. During the third session, the Chair of the Preparatory Commission produced, nether his own responsibleness, a non-paper dated fourteen July 2011 (A/CONF.217/1 (Annex Ii)), which  would serve as one of the background documents for the upcoming Conference. The Committee ended its work on 17 February 2012 with the adoption of its report (A/CONF.217/i).

The United Nations Conference on the Arms Merchandise Treaty was convened at the United Nations Headquarters in New York for four consecutive weeks from 2 to 27 July 2012. Information technology opened on iii July 2012 and, at its start meeting, elected Roberto Garcia Moritán (Argentine republic) every bit its President. Information technology also adopted its rules of procedure (A/CONF.217/L.i) and its agenda (A/CONF.217/50.2) at that meeting. The Briefing considered, inter alia, the written report of the Preparatory Committee and a compilation of views past Member States on the elements of an arms merchandise treaty (A/CONF.217/2 and Add. 1) prepared by the Secretariat. At its sixth coming together, on 9 July, it approved its provisional programme of work for ii weeks, from 9 to 20 July, by which it established two main committees to conduct negotiations on the elements of the arms trade treaty. At its 15th meeting, on 26 July 2012, the President of the Conference submitted, nether his ain responsibility and without prejudice to the position of whatever delegation, the text of a draft arms merchandise treaty (A/CONF.217/CRP.1). The Briefing did not reach consensus on the draft text and adopted its report on 27 July 2012 (A/CONF.217/4).

By resolution 67/234 A of 24 December 2012, the General Associates expressed disappointment that the Conference had been unable to conclude its piece of work. Determined to build on the progress made, it decided to convene in New York, from eighteen to 28 March 2013, the Final United Nations Conference on the Arms Merchandise Treaty, to exist governed past the rules of procedure adopted on 3 July 2012, in order to finalize the elaboration of the Arms Merchandise Treaty in an open and transparent style, utilizing the modalities, applied mutatis mutandis, under which the Un Briefing on the Arms Merchandise Treaty operated. It also decided that the typhoon text submitted by the President of the Conference on 26 July 2012 would be the basis for future work on the Arms Trade Treaty without prejudice to the right of delegations to put forwards additional proposals on that text. The Associates farther decided to remain seized of the matter during its sixty-seventh session and called upon the President of the Final Briefing to report on the result of the Conference to the General Assembly at a meeting to be held as soon as possible later 28 March 2013.

The Final Conference opened on 18 March 2013. At its first meeting, it elected Peter Woolcott (Australia) every bit its President, who appointed 11 facilitators to hold informal meetings on diverse aspects of the Arms Trade Treaty. At that meeting, the Final Conference also adopted its rules of process (A/CONF.217/L.1), its agenda (A/CONF.217/2013/Fifty.1), and approved its indicative programme of work, as proposed by the President (A/CONF.217/2013/INF/1/Rev.i). At its 14th meeting, on 26 March 2013, the Conference established a Drafting Commission to conduct a technical review of the President's terminal typhoon text of the Treaty. At its 17th coming together, on 28 March 2013, the President proposed for the Conference adoption past consensus of draft decision A/CONF.217/2013/L.three, to which a draft text of the Arms Trade Treaty was annexed. The President concluded that, in accordance with rule 33 of the rules of procedure, there was no consensus, and the draft decision was not adopted. At the aforementioned meeting, the Final Conference adopted its report to the General Associates by consensus.

In accordance with resolution 67/234 A, the matter was subsequently taken up by the General Associates. On 2 April 2013, at the 71st meeting of the lx-seventh session of the General Assembly, Costa Rica, on behalf of 64 other Member States, introduced a draft resolution (A/67/L.58), which was subsequently sponsored by an additional 44 Fellow member States (A/67/50.58/Add. one). At the same meeting, the General Assembly adopted resolution 67/234 B with 154 votes to three, including 23 abstentions and 13 Member States not voting. The resolution adopted the Arms Trade Treaty as contained in the addendum to document A/CONF.217/2013/L.3. It also requested the Secretary-Full general, as depository of the treaty, to reflect the date of adoption past the General Associates, 2 April 2013, in the final judgement of the treaty, and to open information technology for signature on iii June 2013. In accord with article 22 of the treaty, the Arms Merchandise Treaty entered into strength on 24 December 2014, xc days following the deposit of the 50th instrument of ratification with the depositary.

Text of the Treaty

Selected preparatory documents
(in chronological gild)

General Assembly resolution Southward-ten/2 of thirty June 1978 (Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly)

Report of the Secretary-General, "Study on all the aspects of regional disarmament" (A/35/416, eight Oct 1980)

Report of the Secretary-General, "Study on the relationship between disarmament and evolution" (A/36/356, 5 October 1981)

Report of the Secretary-General, "Full general and Complete Disarmament: Confidence-edifice Measures" (A/36/474, 6 October 1981)

Report of the Secretarial assistant-General, "Study on the relationship between disarmament and international security" (A/36/597, 19 November 1981)

Report of the Secretarial assistant-Full general, "Report on conventional disarmament" (A/39/348, 31 August 1984)

General Assembly resolution 39/160 of 17 Dec 1984 (Relationship between disarmament and development)

Report of the Secretarial assistant-Full general, "Structure of military toll indexes and purchasing-power parities for comparison of military expenditures" (A/40/421, thirteen Baronial 1985)

Full general Assembly resolution 40/155 of 16 Dec 1985 (Human relationship between disarmament and development)

Study of the Secretary-Full general, "Written report on the economic and social consequences of the artillery race and armed forces expenditure" (A/43/368, 19 May 1988)

General Assembly resolution 43/75 (I) of 7 Dec 1988 (International Artillery Transfers)

Written report of the Secretary-General, "International arms transfers" (A/44/444, 14 August 1989)

Report of the Secretary-General, "International arms transfers" (A/44/444/Add.1, 18 September 1989)

Report of the Secretary-General, "International artillery transfers" (A/44/444/Add.2, thirteen October 1989)

Report of the Secretary-General, "International arms transfers" (A/44/444/Add.3, 8 November 1989)

Alphabetic character dated 13 August 1990 from the Chargé d' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Matrimony of Soviet Socialist Republics to the United nations addressed to the Secretarial assistant-General (A/45/413, fourteen Baronial 1990)

Report of the Secretary-Full general, "International arms transfers" (A/45/363, 20 August 1990)

Report of the Secretary-General, "International artillery transfers" (A/45/363/Add.1, 25 October 1990)

Report of the Secretary-General, "Study on ways and means of promoting transparency in international transfers of conventional artillery" (A/46/301, ix September 1991)

Briefing on disarmament of October 1991, "Guidelines for conventional arms transfers" (CD/1113, 26 Nov 1991)

Full general Assembly resolution 46/36 (H) of 6 Dec 1991 (International arms transfers)

General Assembly resolution 46/36 (L) of 9 December 1991 (Transparency in armaments)

Study of the Secretary-Full general, "Report on the Register of Conventional Artillery" (A/47/342, xiv Baronial 1992)

Report of the Disarmament Commission for 1994 (A/49/42(SUPP), 8 June 1994)

Report of the Disarmament Commission for 1995 (A/50/42(SUPP), 27 July 1995)

Report of the Disarmament Commission for 1996 (A/51/42(SUPP), 22 May 1996)

General Assembly resolution 51/47 (B) of 10 December 1996 (Report of the Disarmament Committee)

General Assembly resolution 54/54 (5) of 15 December 1999 (Modest arms)

General Assembly resolution 55/255 of 31 May 2001 (Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Armament, supplementing the Un Convention confronting Transnational Organized Crime)

Un Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small-scale Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, "Programme of Action to Forestall, Gainsay and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Pocket-size Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects" (A/CONF.192/xv(SUPP), 9-xx July 2001)

General Assembly resolution 56/24 (V) of 24 December 2001 (The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects)

General Assembly resolution 58/241 of 23 December 2003 (The illicit trade in minor artillery and lite weapons in all its aspects)

General Assembly resolution 59/86 of iii December 2004 (The illicit trade in pocket-size arms and calorie-free weapons in all its aspects)

Report of the Open up-ended Working Grouping to Negotiate an International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Modest Artillery and Low-cal Weapons, Annex "Draft International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Mode, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons" (A/lx/88, 27 June 2005)

General Assembly decision 60/519 of eight December 2005 (International instrument to enable States to identify and trace, in a timely and reliable manner, illicit minor arms and light weapons)

United Nations Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Minor Arms and Low-cal Weapons in All Its Aspects, Working paper submitted by the United Kingdom of Corking Britain and Northern Ireland, "Developing common guidelines for national controls on transfers of pocket-sized arms and light weapons: progress since 2003" (A/CONF.192/2006/RC/WP.one, nineteen June 2006)

United Nations Briefing to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Forestall, Gainsay and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small-scale Arms and Calorie-free Weapons in All Its Aspects, Working paper submitted by Kenya (A/CONF.192/2006/RC/WP.2, 22 June 2006)

United Nations Conference to Review Progress Fabricated in the Implementation of the Programme of Activity to Forbid, Gainsay and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Calorie-free Weapons in All Its Aspects, Written report of the United Nations Conference to Review Progress Fabricated in the Implementation of the Programme of Activeness to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Modest Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (A/CONF.192/2006/RC/9, 12 July 2006)

Study of the Kickoff Committee, "General and complete disarmament" (A/61/394, 14 November 2006)

General Assembly resolution 61/89 of half-dozen December 2006 (Towards an arms trade treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, consign and transfer of conventional arms)

Report of the Secretary-General, "Towards an artillery merchandise treaty: establishing mutual international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional artillery" (A/62/278, 17 Baronial 2007)

Report of the Secretary-General, "Towards an arms trade treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms" (A/62/278/Add together.1, 24 September 2007)

Written report of the Secretary-General, "Towards an arms merchandise treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, consign and transfer of conventional arms" (A/62/278/Add together.2, xix October 2007)

Report of the Secretary-General, "Towards an arms trade treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms" (A/62/278/Add.3, 27 November 2007)

Report of the Secretary-General, "Towards an arms trade treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms" (A/62/278/Add.4, fifteen Feb 2008)

Report of the Grouping of Governmental Experts to examine the feasibility, telescopic and draft parameters for a comprehensive, legally binding instrument establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms (A/63/334, 26 August 2008)

Written report of the Offset Committee, "General and complete disarmament" (A/63/389, 10 November 2008)

General Assembly resolution 63/240 of 24 December 2008 (Towards an arms merchandise treaty: establishing mutual international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms)

Report of the Open-ended Working Group towards an Artillery Merchandise Treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms (A/Air conditioning.277/2009/1, twenty July 2009)

General Assembly resolution 64/48 of 2 Dec 2009 (The arms trade treaty)

Preparatory Commission for the United Nations Conference on the Artillery Merchandise Treaty, Typhoon conclusion on the modalities of attendance of non-governmental organizations at the sessions of the Preparatory Committee (A/CONF.217/PC/L.2, 9 July 2010)

Written report of the Preparatory Commission for the United nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty (A/CONF.217/1, 7 March 2012)

Conditional rules of procedure of the United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty (A/CONF.217/50.1, 7 March 2012)

United Nations Briefing on the Arms Trade Treaty, "Compilation of views on the elements of an artillery merchandise treaty" (A/CONF.217/ii, x May 2012)

United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, "Compilation of views on the elements of an arms trade treaty" (A/CONF.217/two/Add.one, 27 June 2012)

Draft provisional calendar of the United nations Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty (A/CONF.217/L.ii, 28 June 2012)

United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, "Draft of the Arms Trade Treaty" (A/CONF.217/CRP.1, 1 August 2012)

Report of the United nations Briefing on the Arms Trade Treaty (A/CONF.217/4, 1 August 2012)

General Assembly resolution 67/234 of 24 Dec 2012 (The artillery merchandise treaty)

Typhoon provisional agenda of the Final United Nations Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty (A/CONF.217/2013/Fifty.1, 25 January 2013)

Draft indicative programme of piece of work of the Last United nations Briefing on the Arms Trade Treaty (A/CONF.217/2013/INF/i/Rev.1, 14 March 2013)

Typhoon decision of the Last United Nations Conference on the Arms Merchandise Treaty (A/CONF.217/2013/L.three, 27 March 2013)

General Assembly draft resolution, "The Arms Trade Treaty" (A/67/L.58, 1 Apr 2013)

General Associates draft resolution, "The Arms Trade Treaty" (A/67/L.58/Add.1, 2 April 2013)

General Assembly resolution 67/234 (B) of 2 April 2013 (The arms trade treaty)


The Treaty entered into force on 24 December 2014. For the electric current participation status of the Treaty, besides as information and relevant texts of related treaty actions, such as reservations, declarations, objections, denunciations and notifications, see:

Arms Trade Treaty

Statements
Opening of the UN Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty, 3 July 2012: Argument by Un Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
Video (3 minutes)
Play
Un Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty, 1st coming together, iii July 2012:
Video (1 hour vii minutes)
Play
United nations Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty, 2d meeting, 3 July 2012:
Video (37 minutes)
Play
Un Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty, 3rd meeting, 5 July 2012:
Video (3 hours ii minutes)
Play
Un Briefing on the Arms Trade Treaty, 4th meeting, 5 July 2012:
Video (three hours 19 minutes)
Play
UN Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, 5th meeting, six July 2012:
Video (2 hours 42 minutes)
Play
UN Briefing on the Arms Trade Treaty, 6th meeting, 9 July 2012:
Video (three hours 1 minute)
Play
United nations Conference on the Arms Merchandise Treaty, 9th meeting, 12 July 2012:
Video (2 hours 45 minutes)
Play
Last United Nations Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty, 1st meeting, 18 Mar 2013: Statement by UN Secretary-Full general Ban Ki-moon at the opening of the Final United nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty).
Video (half dozen minutes)
Play
Final United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, 1st meeting, xviii March 2013:
Opening of the Final Briefing [item 1];
Election of the President [item 2];
Argument by the President [item 3];
Address by the Secretary-Full general of the United Nations [item 4];
Adoption of the rules of procedure (A/CONF.217/50.1) [detail v];
Adoption of the agenda (A/CONF.217/2013/50.1) [detail 6];
Election of officers other than the President [item 7]; Confirmation of the Secretarial assistant-Full general of the Final Briefing [item 8];
Credentials of representatives to the Final Briefing: Engagement of the members of the Credentials Commission [item 9 (a)];
Organization of work (A/CONF.217/2013/INF/1/Rev.1) [item x];
and General commutation of views [item 11].
Video (ii hours 35 minutes)
Play
Last United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, 2nd meeting, 18 March 2013: Consideration of the preamble, principles and goals and objectives.
Video (2 hours 49 minutes)
Play
Final United nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, 16th meeting, 27 March 2013: Report of the Drafting Committee and Report of the Credentials Commission (A/CONF.217/2013/one).
Video (15 minutes)
Play
Terminal United nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, 17th meeting, 28 March 2013 (Part I)
Video (21 minutes)
Play
Final United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, 17th meeting, 28 March 2013 (Office ii)
Video (ii hours 48 minutes)
Play
Last United Nations Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty, 17th coming together, 28 March 2013 (Part 3)
Video (seven minutes)
Play
General Associates, 67th session, 71st plenary meeting, United Nations Headquarters, New York, United States, 2 April 2013: The President of the Last United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty presenting a written report on the ouctome of the Conference, in accord with General Associates resolution 67/234 of 24 December 2012.
Video (2 hours 51 minutes)
Play
General Assembly, 67th session, 72nd plenary coming together, United nations Headquarters, New York, The states, 2 April 2013: The President of the Final United Nations Conference on the Artillery Trade Treaty presenting a report on the outcome of the Conference, in accord with General Assembly resolution 67/234 of 24 Dec 2012.
Video (1 hour 29 minutes)
Play
Press Conference, 2 Apr 2013: Administrator Peter Woolcott of Australia, President of the Final Un Briefing on the Artillery Trade Treaty. Moderator is Mr. Antonio Evora, Conventional Arms Co-operative, Un Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA).
Video (27 minutes)
Play
Special event to marker the opening for signature of the Arms Merchandise Treaty, 3 June 2013: Statement by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
Video (four minutes)
Play

Special event to mark the opening for signature of the Arms Trade Treaty, 3 June 2013: The Arms Trade Treaty was adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 67/234B of 2 April 2013. In accordance with its article 21, the Treaty shall be open up for signature at the United nations Headquarters in New York by all States from Monday, three June 2013, until its entry into force.
Programme of the Special Event
Video (2 hours 43 minutes)

Play
Press Conference, 3 June 2013: Speakers are Ms. Angela Kane, High Representative for Disarmament Affairs; Ms. Christine Beerli, Permanent Vice-President of the International Committee of the Ruddy Cantankerous.; Mr. Brian Wood, Caput of Arms Control and Human Rights, Amnesty International; and Ms. Anna Macdonald, the Head of Arms Control, Oxfam.
Video (30 minutes)
Play
High-Level Event "The Arms Trade Treaty: Towards Entry into Force", 25 September 2013: The Artillery Trade Treaty resolution 'co-authors' (Argentine republic, Commonwealth of australia, Costa Rica, Finland, Japan, Kenya and the United kingdom) convene a loftier-level event to support progress towards the ATT's entry into force and implementation.
Website of the High Level Consequence
Video (1 hour 44 minutes)
Play

Un Register Of Conventional Arms Failure?,

Source: https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/att/att.html

Posted by: woodspriat1992.blogspot.com

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